Sandbox136

Introduction
Anum-II is a Lys49 Phospholipase A2 (K49 PLA2),protein extracted from Atropoides nummifer (a snake from central america). Lys49PLA2s are widespread in the venom of several vipers and are structurally classified as group II PLA2s, although the molecular mechanism of their myotoxicity remains unknown. K49-PLA2 possess the ability to disrupt biological membrane which lead to a significant muscle-tissue loss and disability in severely envenomed patients.

Structure
Anum-II has a length of 134 amino-acids. The phospholipase is formed by a short N-terminalαhelix (between residues 2-12), a 2nd αhelix (residues 40-55), two-stranded antiparallel sheet linked thanks to a βwing (74-85) and a 3rd αhelix (residues 90-107). The 3rd αhelix is bound to the 2nd αhelix (in an antiparallele way) thanks to disulfide bonds ([Cys 44-Cys 105] and [Cys 51-Cys 98]) and thus form a rigid platform. The protein is stabilized by 5 other disulfides bonds [Cys 27-Cys 125], [Cys 29-Cys 45] [Cys 50 Cys 134] [Cys 61-Cys 91] [Cys84-Cys96]. Alignment of Anum-II with other PLA2 have revealed that the positions of amino-acid residues which form the catalityc apparatus are conserved (His48,Tyr52, Tyr73 and Asp99) except for Asp49 which is replaced by Lys 49. The structure of the protein has revealed the presence of an anion-binding site (Murakami et al., 2006) between R34, K53  and a water molecule (see Figure 3). Sulfate ion is anchored thanks to hydrogen bonds between:

+O1 atom with R34 Nε, K53 Nζ and a solvent water molecule.

+O2 atom with the NH main chain of R34

+O4 atom with K53 Nζ and R34 Nη2



This anion-binding site is supposed to play a role in the fixation of inhibitors but his function remains unknown. In the crystallization state (pH5), the protein is in a monomeric state whereas in a solution at physiological pH a dimerization occurs. The dimerization happened thanks to interactions at the interface of the N-terminal and β-wing regions. Studies have shown that Anum-II is active only in the dimeric state (Murakami et al., 2006).

Method of Determination
Venom was collected from more than 15 snakes and purified by cation-exchange chromatography on carboxymethyl-Sephadex. Then, single crystals were obtained with the handing-drop vapour-diffusion method, and crystals were flash-cooled in crystallization solution with glycerol. After, structure was determined by X-Ray diffraction at 1,60 Å and molecular replacement with a specific program (MOLREP).

Physiological effect
Anum-II (Lys49 PLA2) has a strong myotoxic effect. The replacement of Asp49 by Lys49 provides a different activity for the protein. Indeed, Asp49 allows the binding of Ca2+ an essential co-factor which is responsible for the activation of the catalytically apparatus (thanks to conserved amino-acids:His48, Tyr52, Tyr73 and Asp99). Lys49 PLA2 is not able to bind the co-factor, and thus is catalytically inactive. But some recent studies (Yamazaki et al., 2005) have shown that the Lys49 PLA2 is able to bind to the KDR (receptor of the VEGF165 growth factor)and this corresponds to his myotoxic activity.

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF165) and its Kinase insert domain containing receptor (KDR) are used in mechanisms of regulations of blood vessel formations. Experiments have revealed that the venom extracted from Agkistrodon piscivorus contains a KDR binding protein.It has been shown that this KDRb-p was in fact a Lys49 PLA2.Lys49 is able to bind to the extracellular domain of KDR receptors with a sub-nanomolar affinity (Yamazaki et al., 2005). Studies revealed the fact that the region of the protein involved in the fixation on KDR was located in the C-terminal region (Chioato et al., 2002). C- terminal region differs from the rest of the protein in his amino acid sequence, indeed some amino-acids are positive (K,R) and seem to play a role in the recognition and fixation on KDR.